Several readers have queried my statement in Section 4: Kernel Magic of my online article that the sampling rate of the calc_load () function in the Linux kernel is once every 5 seconds rather than once every 5-th second. This addendum tries to address that confusion.
1. Hz vs. HZ
Hz (note the lower case ‘z’) is the metric SI unit of frequency named after the nineteenth century German physicist Heinrich Hertz (not the car rental company). It is a relevant measurement unit for any periodic or cyclical phenomenon such as your pulse (e.g., 1.2 Hz) or a musical pitch (concert A is 440 Hz). The assumed timebase is seconds and therefore, ‘Hz’ can also be read as the number of cycles per second.
HZ, on the other hand, is the name of a programming variable (or constant in this case), not a unit of measurement. It is the name of a number. The actual value of that number is machine-dependent. The following platforms use HZ == 100:
- Intel Pentium
- Power PC
- Ultra-SPARC
whereas the HP Alpha uses HZ == 1024 or HZ == 1200, depending on the CPU model. We’ll assume HZ represents 100 in the subsequent explanation. The next question is, 100 what?
Every computer platform has a clock implemented in hardware that has a constant ticking rate by which everything else in the system is synchronized. To make this ticking rate known to the system, the hardware sends an interrupt to the Linux kernel on every clock tick. A HZ value of 100 means that one second of wall-clock time corresponds to 100 CPU ticks. In other words, a clock interrupt occurs with a frequency of one interrupt every 100-th of a second or 100 interrupts per second (from which it follows that the HZ constant, representing 1 second, corresponds to 100 Hz). Conversely, 1 CPU tick = 1 second / 100 interrupts = 10 milliseconds.
So, the number represented by the constant HZ is a scale factor between the system-clock and wall-clock time.
2. Sample Rate
The workhorse routine is the CALC_LOAD macro defined in sched.h We reproduce the relevant block of code here for easier reference:
61 #define FSHIFT 11 /* nr of bits of precision */
62 #define FIXED_1 (1<<FSHIFT) /* 1.0 as fixed-point */
63 #define LOAD_FREQ (5*HZ) /* 5 sec intervals */
64 #define EXP_1 1884 /* 1/exp(5sec/1min) as fixed-point */
65 #define EXP_5 2014 /* 1/exp(5sec/5min) */
66 #define EXP_15 2037 /* 1/exp(5sec/15min) */
67
68 #define CALC_LOAD(load,exp,n) \
69 load *= exp: \
70 load += n*(FIXED_1-exp); \
71 load >>= FSHIFT;
Looking at line 63, it says that another constant LOAD_FREQ is equal to (5 * HZ) i.e., 5 multiplied by the value of the HZ constant. Also, note the comment (from Linus), which says that the value of LOAD_FREQ corresponds to intervals of 5 seconds; not intervals of 1/5-th of a second.
Thus, 5 * HZ means five times the value of the constant called HZ. Moreover, since HZ represents 100 ticks and 5 ×100 ticks = 500 ticks, it follows that 500 ticks is the same as 500 ×10 milliseconds or an interval of 5 seconds. All this can be summarized as follows:
1 * HZ = 100 ticks
5 * HZ = 500 ticks
1 tick = 10 milliseconds
500 ticks = 5000 milliseconds == 5 seconds
So, 5 * HZ means that CALC_LOAD is called every 500 CPU ticks or 5 seconds and not 5 times per second as some people mistakenly think. Also, be careful not to confuse this sampling period of 5 seconds with the reporting periods of 1, 5, and 15-minutes.
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